第一章 一般操作
Chapter one General operation
一、 概述
Overview
本操作手冊上包括了柴油發(fā)電機組的起動前檢查，起動和停機之操用程序，起動機組前請熟讀本手冊，以確保操作者能完整安全地操作發(fā)電機。
This operation manual includes the procedure of inspection before start ,starting and stopping diesel generator .To make sure the user can operate the diesel generator safely,please study this operation manual earnestly before starting machine.
發(fā)動機在出廠發(fā)運前已在測功器上進行了試運轉，但操作者在最初的100個工作小時內按下列條件操作，則可獲得最長的使用壽命。
The engine has been tested by the dynamometer before delivery.But you may obtain the longest service life. As long as you operate according to the following conditions in first 100 hours.
1、 盡可能長時間地讓發(fā)動機在3/4油門負荷范圍以下工作。
1 Let engine work below 3/4 of load range of the throttle as long as possible.
2、 避免發(fā)動機長時間怠速運轉或在最大馬力下工作。
2 Avoid idle operation for a long time and working more than 5 minutes under the condition of maximum horsepower.
3、 養(yǎng)成操作時密切注視發(fā)動機儀表的習慣，如果油溫度達到2500F[121℃]或冷卻液溫度超過1900F[88℃]時應關小油門。
3 Pay special attention to the instrument of engine when operating.Turn down throttle either the temperature of oil is up to 2500F[121℃] or the temperature of coolant exceeds 1900F[88℃]
4、 在這樣的功率需求下使用發(fā)動機；即當情況需要更大功率時，可以加速到調速器控制的轉速。
4 Accelerate to the speed that governor controls if you require more power.
5、 在磨合期間內，每10個小時檢查一次機油面。
5 In the run-in period, check the level of machine oil once every ten hours.
二、 新機或大修過的發(fā)動機起動前檢查
二 Inspection of new or overhauled engine before start
在起動發(fā)電機前，要確定已經(jīng)做完下列的檢查程序。參考維護部分建議的步驟：
Do not start generator unless you have finished inspection procedure.Please refer to the following suggestion of maintenance.
1） 加注燃油系統(tǒng)：
1） Fuel replenishment system:
1、 向燃油濾清器中加注清潔的2號柴油，柴油規(guī)格應符合下列所述標準；
1 Replenish the fuel filter with clean 2 # diesel oil,The diesel oil specification must be up to the following standards;
潤滑油規(guī)定 |
僅用于輕負荷 自然進氣 渦輪增壓 （?！_） 式柴油機 式柴油機 使用天燃氣的各種型號 所有柴油機型號 型號 型號 |
API分類CC/SC2/5級 API分類CC’級別 API分類CC’級 API分類CC’級 硫酸鹽分容量 硫酸鹽分含量 硫酸鹽分含量 硫酸鹽分含量 最大1.85% 最大1.85% 最大1.85% 0.03～0.85% 1 用于渦輪增壓式發(fā)動機的API分類CC和CD級潤滑油和用于停-開工況的API分類CC/SC級潤滑油，均適用于自然吸氣式發(fā)動機。 2 API分類的CC/CS和CC/CD級表示潤滑油應當摻混以達到兩個規(guī)格所要求的質量水平。CC等級所允許的潤滑油質量相當廣，以致有些潤滑油雖滿足這個等級的要求，但對于某些用途的發(fā)動機，不能起到適當?shù)谋Ｗo的作用（結膠和活塞環(huán)粘結）。例如，渦輪增壓式發(fā)動機需要加CD級所具有附加防護作用。停-開工況下工作的發(fā)動機需要加上SC級所具有的附加防護作用。 3 所有康明斯發(fā)動機所用的潤滑油都規(guī)定有硫酸鹽灰分含量極限，這是因為從過去使用經(jīng)驗中得知高灰分油會在氣門上產生有害的沉積物，這會發(fā)展到氣門拉槽和燒壞。 4 完全沒有灰分和灰分過大都不適用于天燃氣發(fā)動機，所有規(guī)定了灰分含量的范圍。 5 CS或SE可以代替SC。 |
2、卸下燃油泵吸油管，用干凈的潤滑油潤滑齒輪泵齒輪。
2 Disassemble the suction pipe of fuel pump,lubricate the gear of gear pump with clean lubricating oil.
3、檢查并加注燃油箱。
3 Check and replenish fuel tank.
4、如果在一些保養(yǎng)中影響到噴油咀、氣門或其他部分的調整，在起動發(fā)動機前一定要檢查這些部分是否調整適當。
4 If the position of nozzle、valve or other parts has been adjusted in maintenance, Please check whether adjustments are appropriate before starting the engine.
2） 潤滑部分——檢查引擎潤滑油之油位，盡量保持油在接近高油位（Hi）位置，但不可超過。
2) Lubrication——Check the level of engine lubricating oil frequently.Maintain the height of oil close to oil level(Hi) as far as possible,but do not exceed.
注：對于帶有渦輪增壓器的發(fā)動機，從增壓器上卸下機油進油管，加2～3盎司（50～60毫升）干凈的潤滑油潤滑軸承。再裝回機油輸油管。
Notice:As for engine with turbocharger, disassemble the machine oil intake pipe from booster,add 2～3 ounces(50~60 milliliters) of clean lubricating oil to lubricate bearing.Then install machine oil pipe again.
1、 向曲軸箱中加注機油至油尺上的低（Lo）標記處。
1 Add machine oil to low (Lo) mark place of dipstick in crankcase.
2、 卸下NH/NT—855型發(fā)動機機油交叉油道上的螺塞。從V型發(fā)動機機油濾清器殼頭部卸下螺塞。對于KT/KTA—1150型發(fā)動機，卸下機油冷卻器殼前部的螺塞。
2 Disassemble the thread plug of machine oil cross pipe from NH/NT-855 engines as well as the thread plug of machine oil filter from V engines. Regarding KT/KTA-1150 engines,disassemble the thread plug from front of shell of machine oil radiator.
（注意：不要從旁路濾清器處加注發(fā)動機的潤滑系統(tǒng)。）
(Notice:)
3、 將手動或電動注油泵油管從干凈的潤滑油源連接到外殼上的螺塞凸臺處。
3 Connect the oil pipe of manual or electric fuel injection pump with the source of clean lubricating oil.
4、 泵動油泵直至最低機油壓力達30磅/英寸2[207千帕]。
4 Do not stop pumping until the minimum machine oil pressure is up to 30 pounds/inches2 [207KPa].
5、 轉動發(fā)動機至少15秒鐘（轉動時將燃油截流閥關閉，或拆下燃油管以避免起動），在這期間保持外來機油壓力最低為15磅/英寸2[103千帕]。
5 Rotate the engine at least 15 seconds(Close the fuel intercepting valve or dismantle fuel pipe in order to avoid start-up),In the meantime,maintain that the minimum external machine oil pressure is 15 pounds/inches2 [103KPa].
6、 拆下外來機油管并裝回螺塞。
6 Dismantle the external machine oil pipe and install the thread plug again.
（注意：當向曲軸箱注油或加油時，如有機油溢出處，要予以清潔。）
(Notice:It is necessary to clean it if machine oil spill when replenishing or adding machine oil)
7、 向曲軸箱中加注機油至機油尺的高（Hi）標記處。對于新的或剛大修出的發(fā)動機，不要改變機油的類型和粘度。
7 Add machine oil to high (Hi) mark place of dipstick in crankcase.Regarding new or overhauled engine,do not change the machine oil type and viscosity.
在發(fā)動機的一邊有一機油尺，機油尺上刻有高（Hi）標記和低（Lo）標記以表示曲軸箱中的機油油量。機油盤或發(fā)動機必須使用原配的機油尺?？得魉拱l(fā)動機的機油盤根據(jù)安裝類型的不同和不同的機油盤零件編號而有不同的容量。
There is a dipstick in engine's one side,the high(Hi) and low(Lo) mark can show the quantity of machine oil in crankcase.The sump and engine must use the original dipstick.Regarding cummins engine,different sump different volume.
3） 冷卻液部分——檢查引擎冷卻液之液位，液位位置應在散熱器或熱交換器蓋下2英寸位置；檢視冷卻液的滲漏情況并打開冷卻水濾清器的截流閥。
3）Coolant——Check the level of engine coolant frequently.The level of engine coolant must be 2 inches below either radiator or the lid of heat exchanger.Do not check the level when it is in the highest temperature.
不要在高溫高壓的密閉冷卻系統(tǒng)中打開散熱器或熱交換器蓋，否則將造成嚴重燙傷。
Do not openradiator or the lid of heat exchanger in high-temperature,high-pressure closed cooling system.Or it will be very dangerous.
4） 燃油部分——確定油箱中有足夠的燃油，以及燃油系統(tǒng)管路無泄漏，且是暢通的。
4) Fuel oil——Make sure there is enough fuel oil in fuel tank and pipeline of fuel system is safe and unimpeded.
5） 機油壓力——若油壓降低至15磅/英寸2[103千帕]以下，則機組立即跳脫并使警示燈閃爍。在啟動引擎時，此保護裝置延遲15秒鐘，才會降低油壓監(jiān)測電路并入，進行監(jiān)測保護功能。
5) Machine oil pressure——When machine oil pressure is below 15 IB/inch2 [103KPa], The engine will stall automatically and caution light blink.When starting engine,This protective device will not work in first 15 seconds.
6） 低機油壓力預警——機組低機油壓力預警感應器及警示燈提供油壓降低到15磅/英寸2[103千帕]或更低時將發(fā)出警報。
6) Low machine oil pressure warning——Early-warning sensor(Low machine oil pressure) and caution light will warn as long as machine oil pressure decreases to or below 15 IB/inch2 [103KPa].
7） 引擎高水溫——當冷卻液溫度上升超過2000F（93℃）時，則將停機且警示燈閃爍，在啟動引擎時，此保護裝置延遲15秒鐘，才會將冷卻水高溫監(jiān)測電路并入，進行監(jiān)測保護功能。
7) High-temperature engine—When coolant is above 2000F（93℃）, The engine will stall automatically and caution light blink. When starting engine,This protective device will not work in first 15 seconds.
8） 引擎高水溫預警——引擎沒水溫預警感應器及警示燈提供冷卻液溫上升至2000F（93℃）或更高時將發(fā)出警報。
8) High-temperature engine warning— Early-warning sensor(High-temperature engine) and caution light will warn as long as coolant increase to or above 2000F（93℃）.
9） 冷卻水低位停機裝置——當冷卻水水位過低時，一組電子微動開關將使機組停機，并且使引擎高溫警示燈閃爍。選購接線組，選用此接線組將使警告訊號接至高水溫預警燈。
9) low cooling water device—— When cooling water is too little, The engine will stall automatically and caution light(High-temperature engine) blink.
10） 液力調速器部分——許多使用在固定式動力機組上的發(fā)動機裝備有液力調速的燃油泵，它利用潤滑油作為能量介質，潤滑油規(guī)格與使用在發(fā)動機上的相同。調速器儲油池中的機油平面加至機油的滿記號處。
10) Hydraulic governor——Many engines that used on stationary power unit are equipped with fuel pump which have hydraulic governor.Lubricating oil is used as energy medium,whose specification shall be the same as those used on engine.The level of machine oil in oil storage tank of governor should be up to full mark place.
11） 檢查通往空氣壓縮機和空氣設備（如果使用的話）以及通往空氣濾清器和空氣管道的管接頭，所有管接頭都要是緊固的。
11) Check pipe connection that leads to air compressor and air equipment(If it is used),as well as those pipe connection which leads to air cleaner and air pipe.All pipe connections must be fastened.
三、 正常起動
三 Normal starting
在發(fā)電機控制盤上起動——將直流控制盤上的“運轉—停止—遙控”的開關，置于“運轉”位置，將激發(fā)控制系統(tǒng)及起動系統(tǒng)，起動馬達嚙合飛輪后驅動引擎，并經(jīng)數(shù)秒后起動引擎，當引擎轉速達到450—570rpm時，啟動馬達自動脫離。若引擎無法順利起動，并發(fā)出“起動失敗”的警報。
Starting on generator control panel——Place the switch of “running –stop-remote control” in the “running” position on direct current control panel.It will stimulate the control system and the starting system,The engine will be started in a few seconds.It will send out the “ Failure of start-up” warning,If the engine can not be started smoothly,
發(fā)電機組控制盤可選購“周期循環(huán)式”起動控制，其將做3次周期循環(huán)，每一周期循環(huán)中起動馬達自轉15秒，然后停止15秒。
Generator set control panel can choose“Cycle of motion type”starting control,It will make 3 cycle of motions.In each cycle of motions,starting motor rotates 15 seconds ,then stops 15 seconds.
消除“起動失敗”警報方法，是將選擇開關鈕旋轉于“停止”位置并按“復歸”鈕，等候2分鐘讓啟動馬達冷卻后，再次啟動步驟。若仍不能啟動發(fā)電機，則請參閱“故障檢修”章節(jié)。
Elimination of “Failure of start-up”warning:Revolve switch to “Stop”position and press “Return”button,spend 2 seconds cooling starting motor,then start again.If the generator still can not be started,please refer to “Trouble shooting”chapter.
四、 寒冷氣候下的起動
四 Starting under under hiemal climate
預熱
Preheating
電熱塞系統(tǒng)向氣缸供應熱量使得壓縮溫度足可以點燃燃油。
Galvanothermy plug supplies heat to cylinder until compression temperature ignites fuel.
當溫度為5℉[10℃]或更低時，為幫助起動發(fā)動機，可采用一種進氣空氣預熱器。預熱設備包括一個將燃油泵入進氣歧管中的手油泵和一個將電熱塞電路接通的開關，電熱塞由蓄電池通電加熱。燃油在進氣歧管中燃燒已加熱吸入的空氣。
When temperature is or below 5℉[10℃], air preheater can be adopted to help start engine.Preheating equipment consists of a hand pump that pumps fuel into intake manifold and a switch which connects to galvanothermy plug circuitry. galvanothermy plug is heated by accumulator cell.Fuel and air that has been heated will burn in intake manifold.
警告：不可將幫助起動用蒸氣與預熱器聯(lián)合使用，這樣做將會導致火災。
Warning:Do not joint use start-up steam and preheating equipment. or it will cause fire.
冷起動時使用預熱器的步驟如下：
Steps of using preheating equipment when cold start
1、將油門調到怠速位置。將電熱塞撥動開關轉到“開”（NO）的位置上，紅色指示燈應亮。
1 Adjust throttle to idle position.Turn galvanothermy plug to “No”position,the red indicating lamp should shine.
2、紅色指示燈亮了20秒鐘以后，開始起動發(fā)動機。發(fā)動機一轉動即開動預熱器手油泵使之保持80～100磅/英寸2[552～689千帕]的燃油壓力。如在20秒鐘前使用手油泵將弄濕電熱塞而妨礙加熱。
2 Start engine after the red indicating lamp has shone 20 seconds. As soon as engine starts running,start preheater hand pump to make sure that fuel pressure is between 80 pounds/inches2 [552KPa] and 100 to pounds/inches2[689KPa]. The use of hand pump within 20 seconds will wet galvanothermy plug and prevent heating
3、如果發(fā)動機在30秒鐘內不能起動，停止轉動發(fā)動機。一、兩分鐘后再行起動。
3 Stop starting engine if it can not be started in 30 seconds.Start starting it again after 1 or 2 minutes.
4、發(fā)動機起動以后。慢慢地泵動手油泵以保持發(fā)動機平穩(wěn)的怠速運轉。在寒冷氣候下，怠速需要4~5分鐘或更長一點時間。不要加速發(fā)動機。
4 After starting engine, pump the hand pump slowly to maintain engine idling operation.In the cold climate,engine need to be at idle position 4~5 minutes or longer.Do not accelerate the engine.
5、當發(fā)動機走熱后，在手油泵注油行程間不再顫動時，停止泵油。關閉并鎖上手油泵。關掉電熱塞撥動開關（紅色指示燈熄滅）。
5 After engine is hot, stop pumping oil when it does not shake in the process of pumping oil.Close and lock hand pump.Turn off galvanothermy plug switch(the red indicating lamp extinguishes ).
6、如果發(fā)動機在預熱器泵頭三個滿行程中無起動跡象，應摸試進氣歧管是否熱，如果不熱，應檢查電路。如果電路良好，卸下進氣歧管上靠近電熱塞處的1/8管塞并合上電熱塞手動開關15秒鐘，通過去時1/8管塞孔觀察電熱塞。電熱塞應呈白熱狀態(tài)，如果不是這樣，將電線接到6～12伏電源上并檢查電流數(shù)，最小電流應為30～32安培。如果電熱塞是好的，再檢查手動開關和電阻（如果使用的話），如需要予以更換。
6 If engine could not be started,please check whether the intake manifold is hot,if it is not hot,check electrocircuit,If electrocircuit is all right,dismantle the 1/8 tube stopper which is near galvanothermy plug on intake manifold and shut galvanothermy plug manual switch for 15 seconds,observe galvanothermy plug through the hole of tube stopper. galvanothermy plug should be incandescent,if not,connect electrical wire with 6～12 volts power resource and check current number. The minimum current should be 30~32 amperes.If galvanothermy plug is all right,check manual switch and resistance(if it is used),replace it if necessary.
注：預熱器手油泵、開關和電阻設在儀表板上，在發(fā)動機起動過程中應進行檢查。
Notice:Preheater hand pump、switch and resistance are on instrument panel,Please check in the process of starting engine.
起動液輔助起動裝置
Primer fluid auxiliary starter
起動液可以在較低的氣缸溫度下燃燒，因為它是高揮發(fā)性燃料。一個壓力噴霧器或一塊用起動液蘸濕的布片通常能夠在－100F[－23℃]的低溫下實現(xiàn)快速起動。
The prime fluid may burn under the low cylinder temperature,because it is high volatile fuel.A pressure sprayer and a cloth with prime fluid will be able to help start engine efficiently under －100F[－23℃].
如果低于這一溫度，就需要采用某些直接向進氣歧管中噴射幫助起動的蒸氣的辦法。
If it is below this temperature,spray steam which helps starting engine directly into intake manifold.
準許在康明斯發(fā)動機上使用的冷起動輔助裝置，具有在－250F[－32℃]的低溫度下輔助起動的能力。
The cold-start auxiliary starter is allowed to used on cummins engine,Which is able to help start engine under －250F[－32℃].
注意：不要試圖在接近熱源、明火外或裝有電熱塞系統(tǒng)的發(fā)動機上使用蒸氣型混合物起動液。
Notice:Vapor mixture prime fluid can not used on the engines which try to get close to heat source 、fire or that is equipped with galvanothermy plug.
手動閥
Manual valve
手機閥包括閥體總成，康子和尼龍管。燃料缸、噴霧器接頭和控制拉線必須另行定購。
Manual valve consists of valve assembly,kangzi val and nylon tube.Fuel tank sprayer joint control cable must be ordered separately.
可使用標準拉線或油門控制拉線以開動手動閥。
Manual valve can be operated by standard cable and throttle control cable
電動閥
Electric valve
電動閥包括閥體、900彎頭、康子、按鈕開關和尼龍管。節(jié)溫管安裝在發(fā)動機的排氣歧管上，當發(fā)動機運轉時它感受到排氣歧管上的熱量而關掉電動閥。燃料缸和噴霧器接頭如果需要的話，這些零件應另行訂購。
Electric valve consists of valve chest、900 elbow、 kangzi、 push-button switch and nylon tube.The exhaust manifold is equipped with temperature saving tube,when engine starts running, heat on exhaust manifold will cause it to close electric valve. Fuel tank and sprayer joint must be ordered separately.
安裝建議
The suggestion of installation
噴霧接頭必須安裝在發(fā)動機的進氣歧管上或進氣管接頭上，以向各缸供應等量的起動液。噴霧器上的兩個噴油孔相隔1800布置，所以噴霧器的安裝應使噴霧順著進氣歧管的孔道噴射。如果安裝不正確，噴霧就會噴向進氣歧管的管壁。
Sprayer joint must be installed on engine's intake manifold or intake pipe,so that it can supply equal primer fluid to every cylinder.The two holes on sprayer are separated by 1800 ,therefore,the installation of sprayer should be along the hole of intake manifold.if installation is not correct,atomization will spurt to wall of intake manifold.
使用弗里特伽德（Fleetquard）輔助起動裝置時推薦的起動方法
The method of using Fleetquard auxiliary starter
1、 將油門調到怠速位置。
1 Throttle should be adjusted to idle position.
2、 分離傳動機構或將變速器撥到空擋位置。
2 A gearbox should be at neutral position.
3 打開手動燃油截流閥或電動燃油截流閥。
3 Open manual fuel intercepting valve or electric fuel intercepting valve.
4 開動起動機，當發(fā)動機轉動時供應定量的起動液直到發(fā)動機平穩(wěn)地怠速運轉為止。
4 Start engine,supply quantitative prime fluid until engine starts running smoothly.
在無計量設備的情況下使用起動液
The use of prime fluid without rationing equipment
1、 當一個人起動發(fā)動機時，另一個人向空氣濾清器中噴霧狀起動液。
1 When a person starts engine,another person sprays prime fluid like mist into air filter.
警告：決不可讓起動液靠近明火，不可將其與預熱器或火焰噴設備一起使用。不得吸入起動液煙霧。起動液使用過多將導致壓力過高并引起爆震或使得發(fā)動機超速運轉。
Warning:Do not let prime fluid get close to open fire,do not use it together with pre-heater or other similar equipment.Do not inhale the prime fluid smog.The exceeding use of prime fluid may cause high pressure explosion and engine will run excessively.
2、 起動液煙霧將吸入發(fā)動機的進氣歧管中，這樣冷卻發(fā)動機應毫無困難地起動起來。
2 The prime fluid smog will be inhaled into engine's intake manifold,In this case engine will be started without any difficulty.
警告：起動液或揮發(fā)性燃料油不得在地下礦井或坑道作業(yè)中使用。如果發(fā)動機帶有這種裝備應詢問當?shù)氐V山局檢查員是否可用作起動輔助裝置。
Warning:Prime fluid or volatile fuel is unable to be used in underground mine or tunnel.Consult mine bureau inspectors whether it can be used as auxiliary starter if engine is equipped with this equipment.
發(fā)動機的走熱
當發(fā)動機起動后，在曲軸和軸承之間、活塞和氣缸套之間重新建立起油膜需要一段時間。運動零件之間的最適宜的間隙只有在發(fā)動機零件達到正常的工作溫度以后能達到。所以要隨著發(fā)動機的起熱，逐步將發(fā)動機調到工作轉速，以避免活塞咬死在氣缸里以及軸和軸承產生干摩擦。
After engine's start-up,it will take period of time to rebuild oil film between crankshaft and bearing,piston and cylinder liner.There will be optimum gap after engine parts achieve normal operating temperature.Adjust gradually the engine to operating rotational speed according to engine's temperature in case that piston locked in cylinder and the frication between crankshaft and bearing.
對一些救險設備（諸如滅火泵發(fā)動機）由于設備內部帶有加熱設備不需要走熱過程。對一些要在有附加負載（如滅火泵）下起動發(fā)機，冷卻液溫度最低不得低于1200F[49℃]。
For some engines with additional load(like fire pump),the temperature of coolant can not be below 1200F[49℃]。
發(fā)動機的轉速
Engine's rotational speed
所有康明斯發(fā)動機均裝有調速器以防止速度超過最高額定轉速或預定的額定低速。
All cummins engines are equipped with governor in case the rotational speed is above rated high speed or below rated low speed.
調速器有兩個功用：第一，當油門在怠速位置時，供給發(fā)動所需要的的怠速油量；第二，當發(fā)動機在轉速超過最高額定轉速時，越過油門并切斷燃油供應。
Governor's two functions:First,when throttle is at idle position,supply enough fuel to engine.Second,when engine's rotational speed is above the rated high speed,it will cut off supply of fuel.
各種型號的發(fā)動機的最高額定轉速列在下表中：
發(fā)動機的轉速（轉/分） |
發(fā)動機的型號 最高額定轉速 |
全部NH、NT、855-R、855-L系列 2100 全部NH、NT系列 2300 V-903 2600 VT-903 2400 V-378、V-504、V-555 3000 V-378、V-504、V-555 3300 V-1710、V-1710-L 2100 KT-1150 2100 KTA-1150 2100 KT-2300 2100 KTA-2300 2100 KTA-3067 2100 |
注：在許多用途中發(fā)動機的使用轉速低于最高額定轉速，詳見銘牌。
柴油發(fā)動機組已經(jīng)預先調整使之在規(guī)定的調節(jié)轉使下工作。
Notice:In many uses,engine's use rotational speed is below rated high speed,see the data plate for details.Engine has been adjusted before it is used.
機油溫度
Machine oil temperature
機油溫度表的正常讀數(shù)應在1800F[82℃]和2250F[107℃]之間。在滿負荷狀態(tài)下，機油溫度短時間達到2400F[116℃]時不要驚慌。
The normal reading of machine oil thermometer should be between 1800F[82℃] and 2250F[107℃]. Under full condition,do not be worried if machine oil temperature achieves 2400F[116℃]in short time.
注意：油溫度的突然增高如果不是因為負荷的增加所引起，那就預示很可能有機械故障，應立即進行檢查。
Notice:If the sudden increase of machine oil temperature is not caused by increase of load,that indicates there is something wrong with machine,check as soon as possible.
在發(fā)動機走熱期間，應逐步增加負荷直到機油溫度達到1400F[60℃]時為止，當機油還是冷的時候，它不會起到很好的潤滑作用。連續(xù)地或長時間地在機油溫度低于1400F[60℃]下怠速運轉將引起曲軸箱中的潤滑油稀釋和產生酸質，從而加速發(fā)動機的磨損。
Increase the load gradually until machine oil temperature achieves 1400F[60℃], when machine oil is cold,it will not play a good role of lubrication.Machine oil temperature is lower than 1400F[60℃] continuously and for a long time and engine is at idle position, it will dilute lubricating oil in crankcase and produce acid,thus accelerate engine's attrition.
冷卻水溫度
Cooling water temperature
冷卻水溫度在165～1950F[74～91℃]之間是最理想的，此時發(fā)動機的工作零件得到了均勻的膨脹，從而獲得了最佳油膜間隙。發(fā)動機冷卻液的最高溫度不得超過。
The cooling water temperature in 165～1950F[74～91℃] is most ideal,between this temperature engine parts will inflate evenly and gain best gap for oil film.Engine coolant temperature must not exceed the maximum.
在冬、夏兩季，發(fā)動機內一定要裝節(jié)溫器，避免長時間的怠速運轉并采取必要步驟以保持冷卻水溫度最低達到1650F[74℃]。在寒冷氣候條件下，如需要可使用散熱器百葉窗或蓋住散熱器的一部分以防止過冷。
In winter and summer,engine must be equipped with thermostat in case of idling for long time,take necessary measures to maintain cooling water temperature not low than 1650F[74℃]. In cold weather,radiator shutter can be used if necessary or cover a part of radiator in case of being too cold.
機油壓力
Machine oil pressure
油溫在2250F[107℃]時的正常的發(fā)動機油壓力列于下表中
機油壓力磅/英寸2[千帕] |
發(fā)動機系列節(jié) 怠速時 額定轉速時 |
NH、NT、855-R、855-L 5/20[34/138] 40/75[276/517] V-903、VT-903 5/25[34/72] 40/65[276/448] V-378、V-504、V-555 10/30[69/207] 45/85[310/586] V-1710、V-1710-L 15 [130] 50[345] KT-2300 15 [130] 45/70[310/483] KTA-3067 20[138] 45/70[310/483] KTA-2300 20[138] 45/70[310/483] |
注：個別發(fā)動機的機油壓力可能與上述的正常機油壓力有出入，當新發(fā)動機投入使用時，應觀察并記錄機油壓力，作為以后判斷發(fā)動機工作狀況變化跡象的參考（起動時機油壓力高不要引起驚慌）。為使記錄更為準確可靠，機油更換后應立即記下機油壓力讀數(shù)。
Notice:The machine oil pressure of individual engines may be different from normal machine oil pressure,when a new engine is put into use,observe and record machine oil pressure,it can be used as reference of judging engine working condition(do not panic when machine oil pressure is high).In order to make record more accurate and reliable,write down the reading of machine oil pressure when replacing machnie oil every time.
發(fā)動機的排氣
Engine's exhaust
發(fā)動機的排氣是發(fā)動機工作狀況和性能的很好的指示。排氣冒煙可能是由于燃油等級低、空氣濾清器臟、燃油過多或機械狀況不佳。
Engine's exhaust is good indication of engine's working condition and performance.Exhaust smokes may be due to low-grade fuel 、dirty air filter、 too much fuel or poor machinery.
如果發(fā)動機排氣冒黑煙，就應進行校正工作。
If engine exhausts black smoke,rectify it as soon as possible.
五、寒冷氣候下的防護措施
五 Protective measure in hiemal climate
1、在寒冷氣候下工作的發(fā)動機，推薦使用永久型帶有附加防銹劑的防凍液。
1 If engine is used in hiemal climate,recommend permanent coolant with additional rust-preventing agent.
2、對所有的發(fā)動機，通過打開放水開關和取下放水螺塞放掉氣缸體和氣缸蓋中的冷卻水。如果使用空氣壓縮機、熱交換器或其他由水冷卻的附屬設備，也應打開放水開關放掉冷卻水。在冰凍氣候下發(fā)動機及附屬設備中沒有徹底放水將產生重大損壞。
2 For all engines,open drain cock and take down water thread plug to exhaust cooling water in cylinder block and cylinder head.If air compressor heat exchanger and other ancillary equipment cooled by water are used,open drain cock to exhaust cooling water,or it will do great damage to engine.
3、在寒冷氣候下使用發(fā)動機，可采用浸入式的冷卻水和機油的加熱器，以保持一定的溫度，使得發(fā)動機起動后即可以滿負荷運轉。
3 Start engine in hiemal climate,immersive heater of cooling water and machine oil can be used to maintain a certain temperature,thus engine can operate at full capacity.
五、停機
五 Stop engine
1、停機前：
1 Before the shutdown
在停機前，請先使發(fā)電機在無負載下運轉5-10分鐘，目的在使?jié)櫥图袄鋮s水將引擎氣缸及軸承予以冷卻。
Engine should be at idle position for 5-10 minutes,so that engine cylinder and bearing will be cooled by lubricating oil and cooling water.
3、 停機方法：
3 Method of shutdown
若發(fā)電機在控制盤啟動或遠處遙控啟動，停機時均可將選擇開關置于“停止”位置，則發(fā)電機將停止。若發(fā)電機是以ATS自動啟動，則發(fā)電機將于正常電源電力恢復后，自動停機。
If engine is started by control panel or remote control,put switch on “stop”position when stopping engine,engine will stop. If engine is started by ATS ,the engine will stop automatically after electric power supply restores.
4、 緊急停機：
4 Emergency shutdown
選擇緊急停機，按下按鈕即可緊急停機。復歸時，將停機鈕切換至“停機”位置后，按下“復歸”開關即可。
Choose emergency shutdown,press button then shutdown. When reverting,Put button on “stop”position,press “Revert”button.
5、 換機油：當大修后機組或新發(fā)電機組運轉50小時后，請更新油底殼內潤滑油，請參閱“保養(yǎng)”章節(jié)中之建議程序。
5 Replacing machine oil:When engine is overhauled or new engine runs for 50 hours,replace machine oil, please refer to “maintenance”chapter.
6、 無負載下運轉：盡量減短發(fā)電機在無負載狀況下的運轉，若須在無負載狀況下長時間運轉，最好能將發(fā)電機接上負載器。
6 No-load operation:Shorten engine's no-load operation as far as possible.If it is really required,engine should be equipped with load equipment.
7、 定期暖機運轉：正常定期暖機運轉，可使機件潤滑并避免電路接點氧化，還可確保機組啟動順利。最好每星期一次使發(fā)電機在負載下運轉30分鐘，達到機組正常溫度。
7 Regular warm-up operation:Warm engine regularly,it will lubricate machine parts in case that junctions of electric circuit oxidate.That will be helpful if generator operates under the load for 30 minutes once every week,and it will achieve normal
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